The country of Saudi Arabia is the creation of King Ibn Saud (1882-1953).The country of Saudi Arabia is having Monarchical system of Government. As on date King Abdullah is ruling the country with the help of his ministers. The country was absolute monarchy up to 1992. The Saudi royal family has introduced its first constitution. The area of the country is approximately 828,995 square miles so to say 21, 49690 square kilometers. The population of the country is around 2crore 65lakhs and 34,504 (as on 2012). The growth rate is 1.52%. The currency name is “Riyal”. The capital of Saudi Arabia is “Riyadh”. It occupies most of the Arabia Peninsula with red sea and the gulf to the west and Persian Gulf to the east. The neighboring countries of Saudi are Jordan, Iraq, Kuwait, Quarter, UAE (United Arab Emirates), and the sultanate of Oman, Yemen and Bahrain. Those countries are connected through roads. The country is having largest world’s sand desert. It is also the oil region primarily in its eastern province along with Persian Gulf. The Saudi Arabia is also home land of Islam, which is the world’s second largest religion. The legal system is based on Sharia law which is known as Islamic law. Muhammad was the founder of Islamic religion there. In 622 AD Muhammad flight from Mecca to Medina and from that year Muslims starts their calendar. Mecca and Medina is two important pilgrimage center of Saudi Arabia. The cultural environment of Saudi Arabia is very conservative. There is specific dress code for men and women. The dance is limited to specific tribe of Bedouin of the desert area. There are restrictions for foreigners regarding wearing of dresses. Even the women of Saudi Arabia are not allowed to ride bicycle also. There are many restrictions for them. There is no recognition of freedom of speech and expressions.
Friday, November 2, 2012
Few tips on four Vedas
The word “Veda” is derived from
the Sanskrit word ‘Via’ means knowledge. History and old scripts speak that
there are four numbers of Vedas, which are written in Sanskrit specifically in palm
trees. History also speaks that there are two types of Vedic literature namely
“Surti & Smriti”. Surti is not composed one and revealed by god to few
sages and passes orally from one generation to other, when Smriti was composed &
written one by the sages through their memories. In English Veda is known as
(1) Early Vedic literature and (2) Latter Vedic literature. No doubt Veda is
one of the divine origins. The contents of Vedas are very important as well as
helpful towards the human society. Vedas are also called oldest sacred texts so
to say script of before 4000 BC or may be before 1500BC as per the statement of
some researchers. However, we have to admit that Vedas are the oldest scripts
of the world. Vedas also speak about the social, economic, political and
cultural life of Indo-Aryan Civilization. Aryans are the civilized people of
ancient days, came India India
(1) The Rig Veda: - This is considered
as one of the oldest documents of the world. It contains about 1028 mantras
(chants), recited during sacrifices and yajnas. It gives importance about the
life of early Aryans. Some of the verses of Rig Veda recited as Hindu prayers
in the religious functions and other occasions of Hindus. It also speaks about
the origin of world in its mythological and poetical verses in addition to
praising of gods. It is also oldest text of Indo-Europeans. It is told by the
scholars that the composition of Rig Veda might be during 1700 to 1100 BC, may
be the early Vedic period.
(2) The Yajur Veda: - This second
Veda gives information about the social life of the Aryans. It contains 40
chapters including hymns and commentaries. This Veda might have composed during
1000 to 600 BC as told by historians and scholars. It is also the one of the
four canonical text of Hinduism. It adds Brahman and Shrautasutra on the
interpretation and details of their performances.
(3) The Sama Veda: - This Veda
contains 1549 hymns used by the special class of priests called or knows as
singing priests as well as known as “Udagatar” priest also. They use some
portion of its verses at the time of different rituals. These 1549 hymns are
also known as melody, and mostly taken from Rig Veda. The melody is also known
as “Samagana” by the Udagatar priests
and they mix milk with a plant juice (known as “Soma” plant) with other
ingredients and offer the drink to various deities. The priest sings the mantras
(chanting) of Sama Veda in different rituals. The sub Veda (Upa Veda) of Sama
Veda is known as Gandharva Veda. In dance, music and theaters, the divisible
versions of Gandharva Veda (from Sama Veda) are also used.
(4) The Atharva Veda:- This
fourth Veda contains 731 hymns which are
mostly written for over coming enemies. This Veda is written by two groups of saints
(Rishis) known as Atharvans and Angirasa. The oldest name of this Veda is also
known as “Atharvangirasa”. In the late Vedic Gopatha Brahman, it is attributed
to the Bhrigu and Angirasa. Further it is added here that traditions ascribes
parts of this to other saints (Rishes) such as Kausika, Vaishistha and Kasyapa.
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